ื”ืขื“ืคืชื›ื ืขื•ื“ื›ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื–ื”. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืœืฆืžื™ืชื•ืช, ืขื‘ืจื• ืืœ
ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื›ื, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื• ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืคื•ืช ืขืœื™ื›ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ื‘
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ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืŸ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื”ืื‘ืงืช ืฆืžื—ื™ื. ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฆื˜ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ืืช ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉืืžืจ "ืื ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื™ืขืœืžื• ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”, ื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช". ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื—ืœื” ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืฉื "ื”ืคืจืขืช ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”" (CCD). ื”ื•ืขืœื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืคืจืขืช ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื”, ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจืื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื ืžืฆื ื’ื•ืจื ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื‘ื™ ืœืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื–ื• ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื”.

ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ื”ืื‘ืงืช ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื. ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืœืžืชื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืฉ, ืืœื ื’ื ืœื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ืงืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ืคืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก ื•ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืœื›ื•ืช. ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืืจื›ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืงืžืขื•ื ืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื›ื—ื• ื›ืžื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืชืจื•ืžืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช. ืœื”ืœืŸ ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืงืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”:

  • ืื‘ืงืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžืชืื™ ื ื‘ื˜ ื–ื›ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืคื•ืจื—ื™ื. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื“ื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ื“ื‘ืฉ ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืžืคืจื— ืœืคืจื—, ื”ื™ื ืžืคืจื” ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ื ื‘ื˜ ื”ื ืงื‘ื™ื™ื. ื“ื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ื“ื‘ืฉ ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื”ืื‘ืงื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-80% ืžื”ื“ื’ื ื™ื, ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื•ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืื•ืกืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื‘ืงื” ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืœื›ื•ื•ืจืช, ืฉื ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืกื™ืคื•ืช ืืœื™ื” ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืฆื•ืฃ. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื“ืขืช ื›ื™ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืื—ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืงื˜ ื›ืคื™ืช ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ืงืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื.
  • ืคืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ ืฉื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืื•ืกืคื•ืช ืžื ื™ืฆื ื™ื ื•ืžืงืœื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขืฅ ื”ืฆืคืฆืคื” ื•ืขืฆื™ื ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ืืฆื˜ืจื•ื‘ืœื ื™ื™ื. ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก ืœืฆื“ ืฉืขื•ื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ื•ืจื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืœืคืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ื—ื“ื™ืจืช ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื•ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื›ื•ื•ืจืช.
  • ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืกืžื™ืš ื•ื“ืžื•ื™ ื—ืœื‘ ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืœื›ื”. ื”ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืฉ ื•ืื‘ืงืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืขื ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ืข ืฉืœื”ืŸ, ื•ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืœื›ื•ืช. ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืกืฃ ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ, ื”ื›ื•ื—, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ื•ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื”, ืฉืขื•ืœื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช.

ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขืžืžื™

ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืง ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ื•ืจืื•ืช. ื›ืš, ื™ืฉ ืื–ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ืกื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-2000 ืฉื ื”. ื’ื ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืจื˜ืก ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืจื•ืžื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื“ื‘ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืžื•ืขืจืš, ืฉืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”ื‘ ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ืžืกื™ื.

ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ืคืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืกย ย ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื•ืขืจืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืชื›ืฉื™ืจ ืจืคื•ืื™. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ืคืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก ืฆื•ื™ืจื• ืขืœ ืื’ืจื˜ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”. ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกืžืœ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืœืฆื“ ืชืืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•ื’ื ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืจื”. ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืจืื• ื‘ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืคืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื™ ื ืฆื—.

ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื™ื

ืื‘ืงืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช "ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข". ื”ื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ (ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื” 35-40% ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ), ื•ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื”ื•ื ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืœื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉืžื•ื ืช ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื‘ืงืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™, ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ืฆืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”. ืื‘ืงืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื’ื ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื B ื•-C, ืงืจื•ื˜ื ื™ื, ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื, ื“ื "ื, ืจื "ื, ืคืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื.

ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก ื•ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืืœื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ืงืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ืคื•ืœื™ืคื ื•ืœื™ื.1,2 ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืžื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 12% ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ, 5-6% ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื ื•-12-15% ืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช.

ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื“ืขื™

ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื–ื›ื• ืœืชื”ื™ืœื” ืจื‘ื”, ืืš ืœื ื ื—ืงืจื• ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื. ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื—ืคื™ืคื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื‘ืงืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ืคืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก ื•ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช.

ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื:

ืื‘ืงืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื

  • ืืœืจื’ื™ื•ืช
  • ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ืช ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ
  • ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืจืžืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
  • ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ ื—ื™ื“ืœื•ืŸ ื•ืกืช
  • ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ื•ืจื“ื™ื•ืชืจืคื™ื”

ืคืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก

  • ื”ืฆื˜ื ื ื•ืช
  • ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ
  • ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ
  • ื ื•ื’ื“ ื“ืœืงืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™
  • ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช
  • ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื ืจืชื™ืง

ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืœื›ื•ืช


  • ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช
  • ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืจืžืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ื•ื”ื ืคืฉื™
  • ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ ื—ื™ื“ืœื•ืŸ ื•ืกืช
  • ืจืžื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืกื˜ืจื•ืœ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจื•ืช

ืื‘ืงืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื

ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืื‘ืงืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ื›ืกืคื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”. ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื ืžืขื˜ื™ื, ืืš ืžืจืฉื™ืžื™ื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืื• ื›ื™ ืื‘ืงืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงื“ื ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช; ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื–ืจืข; ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช; ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ื ื–ืงื™ ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ; ื•ื’ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ื ื–ืงื™ ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ื•ืžืคื ื™ ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืžืžืกื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืจืขื™ืœื™ื3-5

ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื›ืคื•ืœื™ ืกืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื• ื›ื™ ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืื‘ืงืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื“ืœื•ืŸ ื•ืกืช (ื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ, ืื™-ื ืงื™ื˜ืช ืฉืชืŸ, ื™ื•ื‘ืฉ ื‘ื ืจืชื™ืง, ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช).6 ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืฉื’ื• ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืชืžืฆื™ืช ืื‘ืงืช ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืืกื˜ืจื•ื’ื ื™ืช, ื•ื–ื” ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืฉื™ื ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื’ื ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉื”ื•ื.7

ืคืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก

ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ืคืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืกย ย ื”ื•ื ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื•ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืœืคืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™-ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ืืœื™ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืžื’ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื•ืจืช ืžืคื ื™ ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื•ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืคืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™-ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ืืœื™ืช ืžืจืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื.8-10 ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ืขืœื• ื›ื™ ืคืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก ื’ื ืžืžืจื™ืฅ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.11,12 ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื’ื ื”ืจืื• ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืคืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ืช ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ, ื ื•ื’ื“ืช ื“ืœืงืช ื•ื ื•ื’ื“ืช ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ืœืฆื“ ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื“.13-17

ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก ื”ื•ื ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืฆื˜ื ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉืš ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื–ื•. ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ืขืœื” ื›ื™ ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืคืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก ื”ืคื—ื™ืชื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื.11 ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื›ืคื•ืœ-ืกืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช 50 ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืขื ื”ืฆื˜ื ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืคืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก ื ืคื˜ืจื• ืžืชืกืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ ืžื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืคืœืฆื‘ื•.18ย ย 

ืื—ืช ืžืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืคืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก ื”ื™ื ืชืจืกื™ืก ืคื•ืžื™. ืžื—ืงืจ ื›ืคื•ืœ-ืกืžื™ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืชืจืกื™ืก ืคื•ืžื™ ืขื ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืคืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก ืขืœ 122 ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ืขื ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆื˜ื ื ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื ื™ื.19 ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 2-4 ืจื™ืกื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืขืœืžื•ืช ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืคืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก (ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืช ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื). ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื ื ืฆืคื• ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื—ืจื™ื’ื•ืช.

ืœืคื™ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชืจื•ื ื’ื ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื ืจืชื™ืง.20-21

ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืœื›ื•ืช

ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืžื•ืขืจืš ื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื›ืชืจื•ืคื” ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื•ืœืžืชืŸ ืžืจืฅ. ื”ื•ื“ื’ื ื›ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ืชื• ืžืืจื™ื›ื” ืืช ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื. ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื•ื ืขืช ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ, ืขื ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืžื” ืฉืžืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื•ื–ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ. ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชืŸ ืืจื•ืš-ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืื•ืชื•. ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžื ืข ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืžืกืช ืฉืจื™ืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ื’ื™ืœ.22,23ย ย 

ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ ื‘ืชื™ ืื‘ื•ืช ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื, 194 ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืคืœืฆื‘ื• ืื• ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 1.2 ื’ืจื/ื™ื•ื ืื• ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 4.8 ื’ืจื/ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื”. ืžื“ื“ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื™ื“ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืœื—ื™ืฆืช ื™ื“. ืืžื ื ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืœื ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืœืื—ืจ ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืœื›ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืื” ืฉืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืžืขื›ื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื.24

ืชื—ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื™ื“ืœื•ืŸ ื•ืกืช.2,22,23ย  ย  ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื ื‘ื“ืง ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืงืœื™ื ื™ ื›ืคื•ืœ-ืกืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืขืจืš ืœื ืžื–ืžืŸ.25 ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืž-200 ื ืฉื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื™ื“ืœื•ืŸ ื•ืกืช (ื‘ื’ื™ืœืื™ื 45-60). ื›ืœ ืžืฉืชืชืคืช ืงื™ื‘ืœื” 1,000 ืž"ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืžื•ืกื•ืช ืื• ืคืœืฆื‘ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช. ื”ื ื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ ื—ื™ื“ืœื•ืŸ ื•ืกืช ื™ืจื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืœื›ื•ืช, ืืš ืœื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืคืœืฆื‘ื•. ืกื•ืœื ื”ื ื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื”ืขืจื›ืช 11 ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ ื—ื™ื“ืœื•ืŸ ื•ืกืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืฆื‘ ืจื•ื— ื™ืจื•ื“, ืขืฆื‘ื ื•ืช, ื“ืคื™ืงื•ืช ืœื‘ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ื’ืœื™ ื—ื•ื, ื—ืจื“ื”, ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื”, ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช ื”ืฉืชืŸ, ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืฉ ื‘ื ืจืชื™ืง.

ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื“ืœื•ืŸ ื•ืกืช, ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื’ื ื‘ื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืงื“ื-ื•ืกืชื™ืช. ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื›ืคื•ืœ ืกืžื™ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช 110 ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืจืคื•ืื” ืขื ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืงื“ื-ื•ืกืชื™ืช, ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• 1,000 ืž"ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘ื›ืžื•ืกื•ืช ืœื ื˜ื™ืœื” ืคื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื• ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื ื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืงื“ื-ื•ืกืชื™ืช ืž-23.17 ืœ-11.42, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืคืœืฆื‘ื• ื”ื ื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืจื“ ืž-21.48 ืœ-20.27. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื—ืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช, ืžืชื—, ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืชืคื•ื—ื”.2,26

ืชื—ื•ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืจืžืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืกื˜ืจื•ืœ. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืืคืจื™ืœ 2021, ืคื•ืจืกืžื• 11 ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื”, 8 ืžื”ื ื”ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื›ืคื•ืœื™ ืกืžื™ื•ืช.2,27 ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื›ืคื•ืœื™ ื”ืกืžื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืชื›ืฉื™ืจ ืœื ื˜ื™ืœื” ืคื•ืžื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืชื›ืฉื™ืจ ืœื”ื–ืจืงื”. ืœืคื™ ืžืžืฆืื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžืขืžื™ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื›ืคื•ืœื™ ื”ืกืžื™ื•ืช, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืงื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืชืงื ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื, ืชื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืคื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›-14% ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืกื˜ืจื•ืœ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืขื ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžืชื•ื ื” ืขื“ ืงืฉื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืกื˜ืจื•ืœ ื‘ื“ื (ืขื ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ 210 ืขื“ 325 ืž"ื’/ื“"ืœ). ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืืฃ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืžื™ื ื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืžืœืฆื™ื

  • ืื‘ืงืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื: ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ 1 ืœ-3 ื›ืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื.
  • ืคืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก: 100 ืขื“ 500 ืž"ื’ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื.
  • ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืœื›ื•ืช: 250 ืขื“ 500 ืž"ื’ ืคืขื-ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื

ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™

ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืŸ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืœืจื’ื™ื•ืช. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš, ื”ื ืœื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก ืื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืขืœ ืืœืจื’ื™ื” ืœืขืฆื™ ืฆืคืฆืคื” ื•ืœืขืฆื™ื ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ืืฆื˜ืจื•ื‘ืœื ื™ื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืืœืจื’ื™ืช ืงืฉื”.28 ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืขืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืขื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.

ืกื™ืžื•ื›ื™ืŸ:

  1. Burdock G.A..  Review of the biological properties and toxicity of bee propolis (propolis).  Food Chem Toxicol  (1998) 36  347โ€“363.
  2. Ahmad S.; Campos M.G.; Fratini F.; et al. New Insights into the Biological and Pharmaceutical Properties of Royal Jelly. Int J Mol Sci. (2020) 21(2)  382.
  3. Qian B.; Zang X.; Liu X..  Effects of bee pollen on lipid peroxides and immune response in aging and malnourished mice.  Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi  (1990) 15  301โ€“303. 319
  4. Xie Y.; Wan B.; Li W..  Effect of bee pollen on maternal nutrition and fetal growth.  Hua Xi Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao  (1994) 25  434โ€“437.[Chinese]
  5. Ceglecka M.; Wojcicki J.; Gonet B.; et al. Effect of pollen extracts on prolonged poisoning of rats with organic solvents.  Phytother Res  (1991) 5  245โ€“249.
  6. Szanto E.; Gruber D.; Sator M.; et al. Placebo-controlled study of melbrosia in treatment of climacteric symptoms.  Wien Med Wochenschr  (1994) 144  130โ€“133.
  7. Einer-Jensen N.; Zhao J.; Andersen K.P.; et al. Cimicifuga and Melbrosia lack oestrogenic effects in mice and rats.  Maturitas  (1996) 25  149โ€“153.
  8. Tosi B.; Donini A.; Romagnoli C.; et al. Antimicrobial activity of some commercial extracts of propolis prepared with different solvents.  Phytother Res  (1996) 10  335โ€“336.
  9. Dobrowolski J.W.; Vohora S.B.; Sharma K.; et al. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiamebic, antiinflammatory and antipyretic studies on propolis bee products.  J Ethnopharmacol  (1991) 35  77โ€“82.
  10. Tichy J.; Novak J..  Detection of antimicrobials in bee products with activity against viridans streptococci.  J Altern Complement Med  (2000) 6  383โ€“389.
  11. Bratter C.; Tregel M.; Liebenthal C.; et al. Prophylactic effectiveness of propolis for immunostimulation: a clinical pilot study.  Forsch Komplementarmed  (1999) 6  256โ€“260.
  12. Crisan I.; Zaharia C.N.; Popovici F.; et al. Natural propolis extract NIVCRISOL in the treatment of acute and chronic rhinopharyngitis in children.  Rom J Virol  (1995) 46  115โ€“133.
  13. Pascual C.; Gonzalez R.; Torricella R.G..  Scavenging action of propolis extract against oxygen radicals.  J Ethnopharmacol  (1994) 41  9โ€“13.
  14. Lin S.C.; Lin Y.H.; Chen C.F.; et al. The hepatoprotective and therapeutic effects of propolis ethanol extract on chronic alcohol-induced liver injuries.  Am J Chin Med  (1997) 25  325โ€“332.
  15. Khayyal M.T.; El-Ghazaly M.A.; El-Khatib A.S..  Mechanisms involved in the antiinflammatory effect of propolis extract.  Drugs Exp Clin Res  (1993) 19  197โ€“203.
  16. Mirzoeva O.K.; Calder P.C..  The effect of propolis and its components on eicosanoid production during the inflammatory response.  Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids  (1996) 55  441โ€“449.
  17. Choi Y.H.; Lee W.Y.; Nam S.Y.; et al. Apoptosis induced by propolis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line.  Int J Mol Med  (1999) 4  29โ€“32.
  18. Szmeja Z.; Kulczynski B.; Sosnowski Z.; et al. Therapeutic value of flavonoids in Rhinovirus infections.  Otolaryngol Pol  (1989) 43  180โ€“184.[Polish]
  19. Esposito C.; Garzarella E. U.; Bocchino B.; et al. A standardized polyphenol mixture extracted from poplar-type propolis for remission of symptoms of uncomplicated upper respiratory tract infection (URTI): A monocentric, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytomedicine (2021) 80 153368.
  20. Miyares C.; Hollands I.; Castaneda C.; et al. Clinical trial with a preparation based on propolis โ€œpropolisinaโ€ in human giardiasis.  Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam  (1988) 18  195โ€“201: [Spanish].[Spanish]
  21. Dalben-Dota K.F.; Faria M.G.; Bruschi M.L.; et al. Antifungal activity of propolis extract against yeasts isolated from vaginal exudates.  J Altern Complement Med  (2010) 16  285โ€“290.
  22. Bฤƒlan A.; Moga MA; Dima L.; Toma S.; Elena Neculau A.; Anastasiu V.V. Royal Jelly-A Traditional and Natural Remedy for Postmenopausal Symptoms and Aging-Related Pathologies. Molecules.

โ€‹ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ:โ€‹ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ,,, โ€‹ื”ืฆื’ ืขื•ื“