ื”ืขื“ืคืชื›ื ืขื•ื“ื›ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื–ื”. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืœืฆืžื™ืชื•ืช, ืขื‘ืจื• ืืœ
ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื›ื, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื• ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืคื•ืช ืขืœื™ื›ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ื‘
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ืื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื›ืืช ืื• ืœื ืžืชืคืงื“ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ืช, ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื, ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช. ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืจื•ื‘ ืœื›ืš ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื—ื–ืงื” ืชืขื ื™ืง ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืœืื”, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžืชืคืงื“ืช ื›ื ื“ืจืฉ, ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ืžืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื•. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.

ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ. ื‘ืคืจื˜, ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืงื•ืจื˜ ื•ื’ื ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชื™ืžื•ืก. 

ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชื™ืžื•ืก ื•ื”ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ืช

ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชื™ืžื•ืก ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ืื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืงืžื” ืจื›ื” ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื•ืจื“ืจื“-ืืคื•ืจ, ืฉื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชืจื™ืก ื•ืžืขืœ ื”ืœื‘. ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ืช, ืื—ืช ืžื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•, ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชื™ืžื•ืก. 

ื”ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืœื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื, ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื“ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื˜ืจืชื ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืคืจืง ืื•ืชื. ื”ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื”. ื”ื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ืช ื”ืคืขืœื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื“ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉื T-ืœื™ืžืคื•ืฆื™ื˜ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชื™ืžื•ืก. ื”ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ืช ืžืขืจื‘ืช ื’ื ื”ืคืขืœืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื“ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืื™ืชื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžื•ื•ืกืชื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช. ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชื™ืžื•ืก ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ืช, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชื™ืžื•ื–ื™ืŸ, ืชื™ืžื•ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ืคืงื˜ื•ืจ ืกืจื•ื ืชื™ืžื™. ืจืžื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ื“ื ื ืงืฉืจื•ืช ืœื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื•ืœืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชื™ืžื•ืก ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื ื‘ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื (ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชื™ืžื•ืก ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื™ื—ืœืฉ ืขื ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช) ื•ื’ื ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืœืจืžื•ืช ืขืงื” ืžื•ืคืจื–ื•ืช.

ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชื™ืžื•ืก

ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืชืงื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชื™ืžื•ืก. ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

  • ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืชื ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืื• ื”ืฆื˜ืžืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ืžื•ืก, ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงืคื“ื” ืขืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ืช ืžืกืคืงืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ.
  • ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื• ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชื™ืžื•ืก ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”.

ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชื™ืžื•ืก ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉื™ื ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืœื™ื“ื”. ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชื™ืžื•ืก ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื˜ืžืงื•ืช, ืื• ื”ืชื ื•ื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ืชื ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชื™ืžื•ืก ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื–ืงื™ ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ ื•ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืฉื ื’ืจืžื™ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืขืงื”, ืงืจื™ื ื”, ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช.

ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ ืœืงื•ื™ ื•ื’ื ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉื ืงืฉืจื•ืช ืœื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ (ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ ื•ื›ืœื™ ื“ื, ืกื•ื›ืจืช, ืžื—ืœืช ืจื™ืื•ืช ื—ืกื™ืžืชื™ืช ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืช, ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื•ื›ื“') ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืขืงื” ื—ืžืฆื•ื ื™ืช.1 ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉืžืงื“ืžื™ื ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ ืžืืฉืจ ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ. ื”ืขืงื” ื”ื—ืžืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ื“ื™ ืžื–ื™ืงื” ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืชื™ืžื•ืก ื•ื’ื ืžืื™ืฆื” ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.2 ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ ืชืงื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชื™ืžื•ืก ืžืคื ื™ ื ื–ืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชื™ืžื•ืก ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ A (ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื‘ื˜ื-ืงืจื•ื˜ืŸ), ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ Cื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ Eืื‘ืฅ, ื•ื’ื ืกืœื ื™ื•ื. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืคืชื™ืข ืฉืื•ืชื ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืœืฆื“ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆืช B , ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื’ื ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชื™ืžื•ืก ื•ื’ื ืœืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.

ืชื•ืกืฃ ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžืกืคืง ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืžืœืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื•ืช "ืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™" ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชื™ืžื•ืก, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืชืœื•ื™ื™ืช ื’ื™ืœ ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ. ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื—ืกื•ืจื™ื ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื™ื. ืžืกืคืจ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื›ืคื•ืœื™ ืกืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืกืฃ ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื.3 ืžืžืฆืื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ืกืฃ ื”ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ ื”ืคื’ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืคืœืฆื‘ื•. 

ืกืคื™ืจื•ืœื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื–ื•ืŸ-ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชื™ืžื•ืก

ืกืคื™ืจื•ืœื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืกืฃ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื”ื–ื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชื™ืžื•ืก. ืกืคื™ืจื•ืœื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืืฆืช ื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื›ื—ื•ืœ-ื™ืจืงืจืง ืฉืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืงืจื•ื˜ื ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื, ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ื•ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ืกืคื™ืจื•ืœื™ื ื” ื”ืคื›ื” ื–ื” ืžื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ-ืขืœ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ืช, ื•ืœื ื‘ื›ื“ื™. ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื–ื•, ืฉื‘ื” ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื‘ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกืคื™ืจื•ืœื™ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื—ื›ืžื”. 

ืกืคื™ืจื•ืœื™ื ื” ื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื” ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ ื•ืžืฉืคืจื•ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ื”ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืฉืœื”, ืกืคื™ืจื•ืœื™ื ื” ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ ื•ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ. ื‘ืคืจื˜, ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืœื™ื ื” ืชื•ืจืžืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ืช, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžืจืžื–ืช ืขืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืžืขืจื‘ ืืช ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชื™ืžื•ืก. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืชืงื™ื ื” ื•ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื”ืจื’ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืชื•ืžื›ืช ืขืœ ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืชืื™ ื”-T ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืคืจืฉื™ื ืžื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชื™ืžื•ืก. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื”, ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืคื™ืงื•ืฆื™ืื ื™ืŸ โ€“ื”ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืœื™ื ื”, ืืฉืจ ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืชืื™ื ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช. ื”ื•ื“ื’ื ื›ื™ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืœื™ื ื” ืžืฉืคืจืช ื’ื ืืช ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืกืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืงื” ื—ืžืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื“ื ื•ื’ื ืืช ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืกืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™. ื›ืš, ื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื“ ืื—ื“, ืขื ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืกืžื ื™ ืขืงื” ื—ืžืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืื• ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ืขื ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืจื™ืืชื™ื™ื ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื (ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ 1 ื’ืจ' ื•-2 ื’ืจ' ื‘ื™ื•ื, ืœืื—ืจ 60 ื™ื•ื); ื‘ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื (ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ 7.5 ื’ืจ' ื‘ื™ื•ื, ืœืื—ืจ 3 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช); ื‘ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื (ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ 8 ื’ืจ' ื‘ื™ื•ื, ืœืื—ืจ 12 ื•-16 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช); ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืืฆื ื™ื (ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ 4 ื’ืจ' ื‘ื™ื•ื, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื); ื•ื‘ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืขื ืกื•ื›ืจืช ืกื•ื’ 2 (ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ 8 ื’ืจ' ื‘ื™ื•ื, ืœืื—ืจ 12 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช).4

ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืกืคื™ ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืขื ืกืคื™ืจื•ืœื™ื ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื›ืžื•ืกื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืื‘ืงื”. ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื ืื—ื“ ืœ-8 ื’ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื, ืื‘ืœ ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื’ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ (ืœืžืฉืœ, 20 ื’ืจ' ื‘ื™ื•ื), ื•ื”ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืกืคื™ืจื•ืœื™ื ื” ื›ืชื•ืกืฃ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ, ืื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ; ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื ื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืกืคื™ืจื•ืœื™ื ื”, ืงืจื•ื˜ื ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ

ืกืคื™ืจื•ืœื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื-ืงืจื•ื˜ืŸ , ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื›ื•ืœืช ื‘ื˜ื-ืงืจื•ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืคื™ ืขืฉืจื” ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ื’ื–ืจ. ื•ื‘ื˜ื-ืงืจื•ื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืื—ื“ ืžืขืฉืจื” ืงืจื•ื˜ื ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืกืคื™ืจื•ืœื™ื ื” ืžื›ื™ืœื”. ืงืจื•ื˜ื ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืขื–ื™ื (ืื“ื•ื ื•ืฆื”ื•ื‘) ืฉืžืกื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžืŸ. ื”ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื-ืงืจื•ื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืœ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ A. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ืงืจื•ื˜ื ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื ืชืคืกื™ื ื›ืฉื ื ืจื“ืฃ ืœื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ A ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช. ื‘ื˜ื-ืงืจื•ื˜ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืงืจื•ื˜ื ื•ืื™ื“ ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืคืจื•-ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ A. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื ื›ื™ ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื•ื˜ื ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ืขื“ ื›ื” ืชื•ืืจื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-600 ืงืจื•ื˜ื ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืจืง ืœ-30-50 ืžื”ื ื™ืฉ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ A. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืจื•ื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื›ืคืจื•-ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ A, ืืš ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื•ื˜ืื™ืŸืœื™ืงื•ืคืŸ ื•ื›ืŸ ืืกื˜ืงืกื ืชื™ืŸ.

ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืงืจื•ื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื›ืคืจื•-ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ A ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื’ื ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืฆื˜ืžืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชื™ืžื•ืก. ืงืจื•ื˜ื ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื ื’ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ืช, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ืื™ื ื˜ืจืคืจื•ืŸ.5 ืื™ื ื˜ืจืคืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืฉืคืจ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืจื‘-ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื”ืžืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื”ืชื’ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื™ื.

ืืžื ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืงืจื•ื˜ื ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžืฉืคืจื•ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื•ื˜ื ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ึผืจื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1931, ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืžืฆื ืงืฉืจ ื”ืคื•ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืขืชื™ืจืช ืงืจื•ื˜ื ื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืžื“ื™ื“ืช ืจืžื•ืช ืงืจื•ื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื, ืœืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืžื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ.6 ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืงืจื•ื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื ื”ื™ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ. ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ืฉืคืขืชื ืฉืœ ืงืจื•ื˜ื ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ืžืจืชื ืœื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ A. ื›ืขืช ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืงืจื•ื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžืฉืคืจื•ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ A, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชื™ืžื•ืก ื•ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ืช.

ืกืคื™ืจื•ืœื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื ื•ื’ื“ืช ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ ื—ื–ืงื”, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืงืจื•ื˜ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœื”, ืœืฆื“ ืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ ืคื™ืงื•ืฆื™ืื ื™ืŸ.7 ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื-ืงืจื•ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืœื™ื ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“. ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืงืจื‘ 5,000 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื“ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœืื™ ื˜ืจื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ, ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื›ื™ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืœื™ื ื” ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 1 ื’ืจื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœืจืคื ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ A. ืœืื—ืจ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ A ื™ืจื“ ืž-80% ืœ-10%.  ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ A ืžื•ื›ืŸ (ืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืœ) ืžืชืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื–ื•, ืฉื›ืŸ ืชืช-ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื‘ื˜ื-ืงืจื•ื˜ืŸ ืœื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ A. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืžื™ื ื•ื ื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืœื™ื ื” ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืžืฆื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ, ืœื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ ื•ืœื ื–ืงื™ื ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ A ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื.8 

ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจื•ื˜ื ื™ื

ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืกืคื™ืจื•ืœื™ื ื”, ื™ืจืงื•ืช ืขืœื” ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงืจื•ื˜ื ื™ื. ื”ืงืจื•ื˜ื ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื•ืจื•ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ืขื ื›ืœื•ืจื•ืคื™ืœ, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืงื•ืžืคืœืงืกื™ื ืขื ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืื• ืฉื•ืžืŸ. ื‘ื˜ื-ืงืจื•ื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืงืจื•ื˜ืŸ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขืœื™ื ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืขื– ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืš ืชื›ื•ืœืช ื‘ื˜ื-ืงืจื•ื˜ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื’ื ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื›ืชื•ื โ€“ ื›ืžื• ื’ื–ืจ, ืžืฉืžืฉ, ืžื ื’ื•, ื‘ื˜ื˜ื”, ื“ืœืขืช ื•ื›ื“' โ€“ ื”ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืงืจื•ื˜ื ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื. ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื™ื โ€“ ื›ืžื• ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืจื•ื‘ ืื“ื•ื, ื’ืจื’ืจื™ ื™ืขืจ ื•ืฉื–ื™ืคื™ื โ€“ ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื•ื˜ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืœืœื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื•-ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ A (ื›ืžื• ืœื™ืงื•ืคืŸ), ืœืฆื“ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืคืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื. 

ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืกืคื™ ื‘ื˜ื-ืงืจื•ื˜ืŸ 

ืกืคื™ืจื•ืœื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื-ืงืจื•ื˜ืŸ , ื•ื–ื›ืจื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืงื•ืžืคืœืก ืžืœื ืฉืœ ืงืจื•ื˜ื ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื โ€“ ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘. ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืขื ื‘ื˜ื-ืงืจื•ื˜ืŸ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืžื•ืคืงื™ื ืžืฉืžืŸ ื’ื–ืจ, ืžืืฆื•ืช ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ Dunaliella salina ื•ืžืฉืžืŸ ื“ืงืœื™ื. ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืœืชื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืชื•ืกืคื™ื ืกื™ื ืชื˜ื™ื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืงืจื•ื˜ื ื™ื, ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ื”ื’ื ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื ื™ ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ ื•ื ืกืคื’ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื”ื ืœืœื ืกืคืง ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื‘ืขืจืš 15 ืž"ื’ ื‘ื˜ื-ืงืจื•ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืžื’ื–ืจ, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื” 15 ืž"ื’ ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื-ืงืจื•ื˜ืŸ ืกื™ื ืชื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื.9 

ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 15 ืž"ื’ ืฉืœ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืงืจื•ื˜ื ื™ื ืื• ื‘ื˜ื-ืงืจื•ื˜ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ (25,000 ื™ื—' ื‘ื™ื ืœ' ืื• 7,500 ืืงื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืœ) ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื•ื™ืขื™ืœ ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ. ืจืžืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื-ืงืจื•ื˜ืŸ ื•ืจืžืช ื”ืงืจื•ื˜ื ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืชื•ืกืฃ ืื• ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื™ื. 

ืกื™ืžื•ื›ื™ืŸ:

  1. Liguori I, Russo G, Curcio F, et al. Oxidative stress, aging, and diseases. Clin Interv Aging. 2018 Apr 26;13:757-772. 
  2. Barbouti A, Vasileiou PVS, Evangelou K, et al. Implications of Oxidative Stress and Cellular Senescence in Age-Related Thymus Involution. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2012;2012:670294.
  3. High KP. Micronutrient supplementation and immune function in the elderly. 
  4. Clin Infect Dis 1999;28:717-22.
  5. Finamore A, Palmery M, Bensehaila S, Peluso I. Antioxidant, Immunomodulating, and Microbial-Modulating Activities of the Sustainable and Ecofriendly Spirulina. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:3247528. 
  6. Milani A, Basirnejad M, Shahbazi S, Bolhassani A. Carotenoids: biochemistry,
  7. pharmacology and treatment. Br J Pharmacol. 2017 Jun;174(11):1290-1324. 
  8. Clausen SW. Carotenemia and resistance to infection.  Trans Am Pediatr Soc  1931; 43:27โ€“30.
  9. Park WS, Kim HJ, Li M, et al. Two Classes of Pigments, Carotenoids and C-Phycocyanin, in Spirulina Powder and Their Antioxidant Activities. Molecules. 2018 Aug 17;23(8). pii: E2065.
  10. Seshadri C.V. Large scale nutritional supplementation with spirulina alga. All India Coordinated Project on Spirulina. Shri Amm Murugappa Chettiar Research Center (MCRC) Madras, India. 1993.
  11. Brevard PB.  Beta-carotene affects white blood cells in human peripheral blood.  Nutr Rep Int  1989;40:139โ€“150.

โ€‹ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ:โ€‹ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ,,, โ€‹ื”ืฆื’ ืขื•ื“