ื”ืขื“ืคืชื›ื ืขื•ื“ื›ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื–ื”. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืœืฆืžื™ืชื•ืช, ืขื‘ืจื• ืืœ
ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื›ื, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื• ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืคื•ืช ืขืœื™ื›ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ื‘
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ืกืžื‘ื•ืง, ื”ื•ื ืคืจื™ ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ื”ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™. ื–ื”ื• ืคืจื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืกื’ื•ืœ-ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื›ื”ื”, ื‘ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ื–ื” ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื›ืชืจื•ืคื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžืจืฉื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœื• ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•. ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืžื—ื–ืง ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆื˜ื ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉืคืขืช ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืžืขื ื” ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.

ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืžืงื™ืฃ ืœืกืžื‘ื•ืง, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื”ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ื”ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ ืฉืœื•, ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื•ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•.

ืžื”ื• ืกืžื‘ื•ืง?

ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืคืจื™ ื”ืกืžื‘ื•ืง, ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืขืฅ ื”ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืกื’ื•ืœ-ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื›ื”ื”. ืฉืžื• ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ื”ื•ื Sambucus nigra. ืืžื ื ืžืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืืกื™ื”, ืืš ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ืœ ื’ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”.

ืฆืžื— ื”ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช Adoxaceae. ื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ื— ืื• ืขืฅ ื ืฉื™ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื’ืฉื’ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืœื—ื”, ืœืžืฉืœ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ืขืจื™ื. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ ืขืฅ ื”ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืžืฆืžื™ื— ืคืจื—ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื, ืžื”ื ืžืชืงื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืงื™ืฅ ืื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืกืชื™ื• ืืฉื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื›ื”ื™ื.

ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืขื’ื•ืœื™ื, ืขื ืฆื‘ืข ืกื’ื•ืœ ืขื“ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืขืžื•ืง. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื˜ืขื ื—ืžืฆืžืฅ, ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœื™ื ืื• ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.

ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคืจื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืœื”ืงืœื” ืขืœ ื›ืื‘ื™ื, ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื ืคื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื“ืœืงืช, ื”ืžืจืฆืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืชืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ื–ืขื”. ืงืœื™ืคืช ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ืžืฉืชืŸ ื•ืžืฉืœืฉืœ ื•ืœื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ืงืื”.

ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืฅ ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืื• ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืžื™ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžืฉืœืฉืœ ื•ืžืฉืชืŸ, ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื‘ื”ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืคืขืช, ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื, ืกื™ืื˜ื™ืงื”, ื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ, ื›ืื‘ื™ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืื™-ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ ื•ื›ืื‘ื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื.

ื”ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ื”ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืกืžื‘ื•ืง

ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืœื ืจืง ื˜ืขื™ืžื™ื, ืืœื ื’ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ืคืœื™ื. ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื, ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ื•ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ. ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

  • ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ C: ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ C, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืื—ื•ื– ื ื›ื‘ื“ ืžื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืžืœืฆืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ. ื›ืš, ื›ื•ืก ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืžื›ื™ืœื” 52 ืž"ื’ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ C, ืื• 57% ืžื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืžืœืฆืช. ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ C ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืคื ื™ ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืชื•ืจื ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืจ.
  • ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ A: ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื‘ื˜ื-ืงืจื•ื˜ืŸ, ืชื—ื™ืœืŸ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ A ืฉื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืจ, ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
  • ืื ืชื•ึนืฆื™ืื ื™ื ื™ื: ืื ืชื•ึนืฆื™ืื ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืื—ืจืื™ื ืœืฆื‘ืขื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกืžื‘ื•ืง, ืฆื‘ืข ืกื’ื•ืœ-ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื›ื”ื”. ื”ื ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ื™ื, ืขื ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื“ืœืงืช ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
  • ืงื•ื•ืจืฆื˜ื™ืŸ: ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืžื›ื™ืœ ืงื•ื•ืจืฆื˜ื™ืŸ, ืคืœื‘ื•ึนื ื•ึนืื™ื“ ืขื ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ ื•ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื“ืœืงืช.
  • ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื™ื: ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื™ื, ืžื” ืฉืชื•ืจื ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ, ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื“ื ื•ืœืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืฉื•ื‘ืข.
  • ื“ืœ ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช: ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืขื ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœืžืื›ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืžืขื˜ ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช.

ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื™ื“ืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืคืจื™, ืชื ืื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืชืžื™ื“ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉืœื™ื ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืชืงื‘ืœื• ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื.

6 ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืžื‘ื•ืง

ื’ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช.

1. ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ

ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉืœ ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ื”ื™ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ื”ืžืจืฉื™ืžื” ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ. ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืžื—ื–ืงื™ื ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืขืงื” ื—ืžืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืžื ื˜ืจืœื™ื ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืื• ื›ื™ ืคื•ืœื™ืคื ื•ืœื™ื ืžืกืžื‘ื•ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœืืช ืกืคื™ืจืช ืชืื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืืฆืœ ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช.

ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืื ืชื•ึนืฆื™ืื ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื A ื•-C ื‘ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ. ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ื‘ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.

2. ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆื˜ื ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉืคืขืช

ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืœื”ืงืœื” ืขืœ ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆื˜ื ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉืคืขืช. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืชืžืฆื™ืช ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืš ื•ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื›ืคื•ืœ ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื•ื”ืงืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ืฉื™ืžืชื™ื™ื.

ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืชื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื ื•ื–ืœ, ื›ืžื•ืกื•ืช, ืœื›ืกื ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืฆื” ื•ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื™. ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ 312 ื ื•ืกืขื™ ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ืฉื ื˜ืœื• ื›ืžื•ืกื•ืช ืขื 300 ืž"ื’ ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืกื”. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืฉื—ืœื• ืกื‘ืœื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื• ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.

3. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื“ืœืงืช

ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืื ืชื•ึนืฆื™ืื ื™ื ื™ื, ืœื”ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื ื•ื’ื“ืช ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ ื—ื–ืงื”. ื“ืœืงืช ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืชื•ืจืžืช ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ ื•ื“ืœืงืช ืžืคืจืงื™ื. ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื“ืœืงืช ืฉืœ ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœืชื•ืกืคืช ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื“ืœืงืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืชืŸ.

4. ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืชืจื•ื ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืœื‘

ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืœื‘. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืขืœื• ืฉืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื“ื ื•ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืกื˜ืจื•ืœ, ืžื” ืฉืชื•ืจื ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืœื‘ ื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื. ื’ื ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืคืœื‘ื•ึนื ื•ึนืื™ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื ืชื•ึนืฆื™ืื ื™ื ื™ื ื ืงืฉืจืช ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ ื•ื›ืœื™ ื“ื.

ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื›ื•ืœืกื˜ืจื•ืœ ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ืœื” ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืกื˜ืจื•ืœ ื‘ืื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืจืงื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ื‘ื“, ืืš ืœื ื‘ื“ื. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื• ื›ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืคื•ืœื™ืคื ื•ืœื™ื ืžืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืืช ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื“ื. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืจืžืช ื—ื•ืžืฆืช ื”ืฉืชืŸ ื‘ื“ื. ื™ืฉ ืœื—ื•ืžืฆืช ื”ืฉืชืŸ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืœื‘, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืœื—ืฅ ื“ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”.

5. ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ

ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืงื•ื•ืจืฆื˜ื™ืŸ, ืื ืชื•ึนืฆื™ืื ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ C. ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืœืœื• ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื ื˜ืจืœ ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืจื•ื ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืชืื™ื ื•ืœื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ืื ืœื ืžื ื˜ืจืœื™ื ืื•ืชื.

ืœืื ืชื•ึนืฆื™ืื ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื›ื™ืœ ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ืช ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื™ 3.5 ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ E. ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืกื•ืžืŸ ื›ืื—ื“ ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืš ืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื•ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ 15 ื–ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืจื’ืจื™ ื™ืขืจ ื•ื™ื™ืŸ.

ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืขืงื” ื—ืžืฆื•ื ื™ืช.

6. ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืชืจื•ื ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืกื•ื›ืจืช

ืœืคื™ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืคืจื™ ื”ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืกื•ื›ืจืช. ื”ืื ืชื•ึนืฆื™ืื ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ืœื™ ืกื•ื›ืจืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืœืื–ืŸ ืืช ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื“ื.

ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ื“ ื’ื™ืœื” ื›ื™ ืคืจื—ื™ ื”ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื ื–ื™ื ืืœืคื-ื’ืœืงื˜ื•ื–ื™ื“ื– (ฮฑ-ื’ืœืงื˜ื•ื–ื™ื“ื–), ืžื” ืฉืชื•ืจื ืœื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื“ื. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืข ื‘ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืขื ืกื•ื›ืจืช ื”ืจืื” ืฉืžืชืŸ ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื“ื.

ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื ื™ื

ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืฉื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื 1200 ืž"ื’ ื‘ื™ื•ื. ืœื”ืœืŸ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ื‘ืชื–ื•ื ื”.

ืกื™ืจื•ืค ืกืžื‘ื•ืง

ืกื™ืจื•ืค ื”ื•ื ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกืžื‘ื•ืง. ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืจื•ืค ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืชืจื•ืคื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฆื˜ื ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉืคืขืช. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืชื—ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืขื ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืžืชืงืช ื”ืžืจืชื— ื‘ื“ื‘ืฉ. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื’ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืชื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ืจื•ืค ืกืžื‘ื•ืง. ื–ื• ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื ื•ื—ื” ืœืžื™ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.

ื—ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช

ื”ื›ื ืช ื—ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืžื‘ื•ืง. ื—ืœื™ื˜ืช ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืงื” ืžืจื’ื™ืข ื•ื˜ืขื™ื, ืื•ืชื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืœื™ื˜ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืžื™ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื—ืœื™ื˜ืช ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื, ืื• ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืœื™ื” ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืชื•ืขืœืช ื ื•ืกืคืช. ื—ืœื™ื˜ืช ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ื—ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”.

ื›ืžื•ืกื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืกืคื™ื

ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื›ืžื•ืกื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืกืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืขื ืกืžื‘ื•ืง, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ ืฉืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื ื•ื—ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืชื•ืกืคื™ ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืžืจื•ื›ื–ืช, ื›ืš ืฉื–ื• ื“ืจืš ื ื•ื—ื” ืœืฉืœื‘ ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ื‘ืฉื’ืจืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืชื’ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืžื ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืชืงื‘ืœื• ืžื•ืฆืจ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ื•ื™ืขื™ืœ.

ื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืช

ื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื˜ืขื™ืžื” ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืžื‘ื•ืง. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื” ืœืงืœื™ ืœื—ื, ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ืœื”ืžืชืงืช ืžืชื›ื•ื ื™ื ืื• ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื, ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืฉื™ืงื•ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื˜ืขื™ื ื•ืžื”ื™ืจ.

ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื

ืืžื ื ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ืกื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ.

ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืœื ื‘ืฉืœื™ื ืื• ื’ื•ืœืžื™ื™ื

ืœื ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืฉื”ื ืœื ื‘ืฉืœื™ื ืื• ื’ื•ืœืžื™ื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื™ืœื”. ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืื• ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืžืกืœืง ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”.

ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืœืจื’ื™ื•ืช

ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืžืืœืจื’ื™ื” ืœืกืžื‘ื•ืง. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืืœืจื’ื™ืช ื’ืจื“, ื ืคื™ื—ื•ืช ืื• ืงื•ืฆืจ ื ืฉื™ืžื”. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœืืœืจื’ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืคื™ืจื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื, ื’ืœื• ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื ืกื™ื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืกืžื‘ื•ืง.

ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืขื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช

ื™ื™ืชื›ื ื• ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืกืคื™ ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื“ื›ืื•ืช ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ. ืื ืืชื ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ืŸ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžื“ื›ืื•ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื• ืขื ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ื‘ืฉื’ืจืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื›ื.

ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ืฆื™ืื ื™ื“

ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžื ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฆื™ืื ื™ื“. ืืžื ื ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื–ืง, ืืš ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื— ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช. ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืกืžื‘ื•ืง, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืื• ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ, ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืฆื™ืื ื™ื“.

ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”

ืกืžื‘ื•ืง, ื”ื•ื ืคืจื™ ืงื˜ืŸ, ืืš ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื”ื›ื ืช ืชื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉืš ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื’ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื–ืง ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ืช ื“ืœืงืช, ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืœื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•. ืืžื ื ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ืื‘ืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืชื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื—ืœืงื™ื ื’ื•ืœืžื™ื™ื ืื• ืœื ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื—.

ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืกื™ืจื•ืค, ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืื• ื›ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืชื›ื•ื ื™ื. ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืกืžื‘ื•ืง ื”ื ืชื•ืกืคืช ื˜ืขื™ืžื” ื•ืžื–ื™ื ื” ืœืชื–ื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื–ื ืช ื”ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื•ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช.

ื”ืคื ื™ื•ืช:

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โ€‹ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ:โ€‹ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ,,, โ€‹ื”ืฆื’ ืขื•ื“