ื”ืขื“ืคืชื›ื ืขื•ื“ื›ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื–ื”. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืœืฆืžื™ืชื•ืช, ืขื‘ืจื• ืืœ
ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื›ื, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื• ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืคื•ืช ืขืœื™ื›ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ื‘
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 ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื•ืขื“ ืœืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื ื™ื, ืชื•ืกืคื™ ืงื“ื-ืื™ืžื•ืŸ (ืคืจื™ ื•ื•ืจืงืืื•ื˜) ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื’ืœื’ืœืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื. ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืชื•ืกืคื™ ืงื“ื-ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ืชืคื•ืงื” ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืžืช ื”ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ื”. ืื‘ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืชื•ืกืคื™ ืงื“ื-ืื™ืžื•ืŸ. ืขื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื™ืงื™ื ืœืื™ืžื•ืŸ, ื˜ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช ื’'ืœ ื”ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ืชื•ืกืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง, ืงื™ื™ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืื ื”ืชื•ืกืฃ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืชืื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืœืื“ื ืื• ืื•ืฉืจ ืข"ื™ ืจื•ืคื.

ืชื•ืกืคื™ ืงื“ื-ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉืœ ืงืคืื™ืŸืงืจื™ืื˜ื™ืŸื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื•ื‘ื˜ื ืืœื ื™ืŸ ื•,ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ืคืจื“. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื•ืกืคื™ ืฉื™ื™ืง, ื’'ืœ ื•ื›ืžื•ืกื” ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื’ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื›ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืกืคื™ ืงื“ื-ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืงืคืื™ืŸ, ื™ืฉื ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืกืคืง ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื.

ืงืคืื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜

ืžืื– ืฉื”ื•ืกืจ ืžืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืกื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืืกื•ืจื™ื (World Anti-Doping Agency - WADA), ืงืคืื™ืŸ ื”ืคืš ืœืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืืจื’ื•ื’ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืกืคื™ ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืœืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืืจื’ื•ื’ื ื™" ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืžืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™, ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ืื• ืืช ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1984-2004, WADA ืืกืจื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงืคืื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืคืกื•ืœื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื• ืžื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฉืชื• ืงืคื” ืื• ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืงืคืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื”ื.

ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืคืื™ืŸ

ืงืคืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•, ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืžืœืžืขืœื” ืž-60 ืกื•ื’ื™ ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื’ื ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืกื™ื ืชื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืคืื™ืŸ. ืชื•ืกืคื™ ืงื“ื-ืื™ืžื•ืŸ (ืคืจื™ ื•ื•ืจืงืืื•ื˜) ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืžืžืจื™ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืงืคืื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืœืช, ื”ืกืคืง ื”ื›ื•ื—, ื”ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ - ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ ืืชืœื˜ื™. ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช, ืงืคืื™ืŸ ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื ืคื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื— ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืืœื• ื™ื’ื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืขืจื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”. ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืงืจ ืœืคื™ื• ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ื›ืžื•ืกื•ืช ื’'ืœื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืงืคืื™ืŸ ืขื–ืจื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืชืฉื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื“ื™ื•ื•ืฉ ืžื•ืชื ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ, ืจื™ืฆื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืจื™ืฆื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืฉื ื•ืช. ืžืžืฆื ื–ื” ืžื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ืœืคื™ื” ืงืคืื™ืŸ ืžืืจื™ืš ืืช ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ืžืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ื‘ืœื™ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.

ื›ืžื” ืงืคืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™?

ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช (ื”-FDA) ืžืžืœื™ืฆื” ืœื ืœืฆืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-400 ืž"ื’ ืงืคืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื. ื–ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ 4-5 ื›ื•ืกื• ืฉืœ ืงืคื” ืขื ืงืคืื™ืŸ. ืจื•ื‘ ืชื•ืกืคื™ ื”ืงื“ื-ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 60 ืž"ื’ ืœ-419 ืž"ื’ ื‘ืžื ื”, ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื’ื ืœื ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืงืคืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ืช. ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืงืคืื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืขื” ืžืฆืจื™ื›ืชื•, ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” 6 ืฉืขื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื, ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืคืื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฉื•ื ื”, ืงืฉื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžื” ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœืงืคืื™ืŸ, ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื›ืกื” ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืžืœืฆืช ืฉืœ ื”-FDA ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื™ืฉื ื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืชื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ืžืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงืคืื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื™ื•ืžื™ ืื• ืืจื•ืš-ื˜ื•ื•ื—.

ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ืงืคืื™ืŸ

ืœื”ืœืŸ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงืคืื™ืŸ ื›ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืื™ืžื•ืŸ:

  • ื—ืจื“ื•ืช
  • ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื”
  • ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ
  • ืงืฆื‘ ืœื‘ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ
  • ืงืฆื‘ ืœื‘ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืกื“ื™ืจ
  • ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืชืŸ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช
  • ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื
  • ืชืฉื™ืฉื•ืช
  • ืกื—ืจื—ื•ืจื•ืช
  • ืชืœื•ืช

ืžืชื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืงืคืื™ืŸ

ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ืจื•ืคื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืืœื• ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืงืคืื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื˜. ืื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจืš, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืงืคืื™ืŸ, ืœืžืขื˜ ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืจื•ืคื.

  • ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ: ื™ืฉื ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืกื™ืงื• ื›ื™ ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืงืคืื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืคื™ื’ื•ืจ ื’ื“ื™ืœื”, ืžืฉืงืœ ืžื•ืคื—ืช ื‘ืœื™ื“ื”, ืœื™ื“ื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื•ืœื™ื“ื” ืฉืงื˜ื”.
  • ื”ื ืงื”: ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื‘ื•ืœืขืช ื›ืžื•ืช ืงืคืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืคืจื–ืช, ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื“ืคืช ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœื—ืœื‘ ื”ืื, ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืกืขื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื•ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœืฉื ืชื•.
  • ืœื—ืฅ ื“ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”: ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืงืคืื™ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืœ ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื“ื, ื™ืฉื ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืžืขืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื ื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ืจื•ืคื ื˜ืจื ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื”.
  • ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืจืฉื: ืงืคืื™ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ืืคื“ืจื™ืŸ, ืื“ื•ื ื–ื™ืŸ, ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ืจื•ืคื ื˜ืจื ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื”.
  • ื—ืจื“ื•ืช: ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงืคืื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืจื“ื” ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืœื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื—ืจื“ื”.
  • ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ: ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืคืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื“ืขื™ื›ื” ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชืœื•ืช ื‘ื• ื•ืœื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืžืฆื‘-ืจื•ื—.
  • ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ: ืงืคืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœื”ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื›ืžื• ืงื™ื‘ื” ืจื’ื™ื–ื”, ืฉืœืฉื•ืœ ื•ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช ืจื’ื™ื–ื”.
  • ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘: ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืžื•ืคืจื–ืช ืฉืœ ืงืคืื™ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืœื‘, ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื—ืจื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืงืฆื‘ ืื• ืงืฆื‘ื™ื ืœื ืกื“ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘.

ื”ืื ืชื•ืกืคื™ื ื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ืžืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชื•ืกืคื™ื ืขื ืงืคืื™ืŸ?

ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืกืคื™ ืงื“ื-ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืงืคืื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื” ืขื•ื“ ื—ืœื•ืคื”.ืฉื™ื™ืงื™ื, ืงืคืกื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื˜ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช ื’'ืœ ื”ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœืœื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืžืจื™ืฆื™ืืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ืื•ืชื ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชื•ืกืคื™ื ืงื“ื-ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืงืคืื™ืŸ, ืจืง ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžืžืจื™ืฆื™ื. ื”ื ื’ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืžื—ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื“, ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืคืขื™ืžืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืงืคืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ. ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืงื“ื-ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœืœื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื’ื ืจื™ืฆื•ื“ ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืชื–ื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ืชื•ืกืคื™ ืงื“ื-ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœืœื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืชืคื•ืงื” ืžื”ืื™ืžื•ืŸ, ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื•ืช ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš.

ื”ืคื ื™ื•ืช:

  1. https://www.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/japplphysiol.01028.2010
  2. https://www.who.int/elena/titles/caffeine-pregnancy/

โ€‹ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ:โ€‹ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ,,, โ€‹ื”ืฆื’ ืขื•ื“