ื”ืขื“ืคืชื›ื ืขื•ื“ื›ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื–ื”. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืœืฆืžื™ืชื•ืช, ืขื‘ืจื• ืืœ
ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื›ื, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื• ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืคื•ืช ืขืœื™ื›ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ื‘
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ืื ื™ ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ื›ื™ ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ืช. ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืืฉืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื ื•. ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื›ื™ย ย ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืœื ืกืคืง ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.

ืฆื™ืจ ืขื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ืจ ืขืฉื™ืจ ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ-ืขืœ ืขืชื™ืง ื™ื•ืžื™ืŸ, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ื‘ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ, ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”, ื‘ืžืคืจืงื™ื, ื•ืขื•ื“.ย ย 

ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ืื‘ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœย ย ืงื•ืœื’ืŸย ย (ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืž-19ย ย ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื•), ื’'ืœื˜ื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ื›ืžื•ย ย ืกื™ื“ืŸ,ย ย ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื•ื›ืŸย ย ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื, ื•ื’ื ื‘ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื•ืคืจื™ืช. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืœย ย ื›ื•ื ื“ืจื•ืื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืกื•ืœืคื˜ย ย ื•ื’ืย ย ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื–ืืžื™ืŸ, ืฉืชื™ ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืชืŸ ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืชื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžืคืจืงื™ื.

ืžื”ื• ืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช, ื•ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคื ื”?

ืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืชย ย ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ืจ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ืฉืžื›ื™ื ื™ื ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืขืฆืžื•ืช, ืขื•ืจ, ืžื— ืขืฆื ื•ืจืงืžืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ.

ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื–ื” ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ืชื•ืจ "ืžื–ื•ืŸ-ืขืœ" ืื•ืคื ืชื™ โ€” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืงืคื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื™ืื˜ืช ืคืœื™ืื• ืื• ื“ื™ืื˜ื” ื“ืœืช ืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื”ื“ื™ืื˜ื” ื”ืงื˜ื•ื’ื ื™ืช.ย ย 

ืื•ืœื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืœื’ื•ื ืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืขื•ื ื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื•ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ื”ื’ื™ืœ ืื• ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ ืฉืœื›ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ื ื•ืช.ย ย 

ืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืขื ืื•ืจื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื. ื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœย ย ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืขืฆืžื•ืช, ื‘ืขื•ืจ, ื‘ืกื—ื•ืก, ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื— ื”ืขืฆื.ย ย 

ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืืฉ ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืขื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ ื•ื”ื’'ืœื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื–ื•ืœื’ื™ื ืืœ ื”ืฆื™ืจ, ื›ืš ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคื•ื’ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืื ืชืื›ืœื• ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืจ. ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•.

ื›ืคื™ ืฉืชื’ืœื• ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ื“ืงื ื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืจื“ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20 ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30 ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช. ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืงื•ืœื’ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืจืงืžืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžืคืจืงื™ื ื•ื’ื ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ, ื”ื’ื™ื“ื™ื, ื”ืขื•ืจ ื•ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ.

ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช

1. ืžืงื•ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื•

ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ืย ย ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืชืขืฉืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ 19ย ย ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื•ย ย ืฉื•ื ื•ืช (ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื• ื”ืŸ "ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ" ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื). ืืžื ื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉืจ ืขื•ืฃ ืื• ื‘ืงืจ ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ื ื•, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ืื™ื ื• ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช.ย ย 

ืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืžื›ื™ืœย ย ืงื•ืœื’ืŸย ย  โ€” ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื• ื›ืžื•ย ย ื’ืœื™ืฆื™ืŸย ย ,ืืจื’ื™ื ื™ืŸ,ย ย ืคืจื•ืœื™ืŸ,ย ย ื•ื›ืŸ ื’ืœื•ื˜ืžื™ืŸย โ€”ย ืฉืื•ืชืŸ ืงืฉื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื–ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื•ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ.

ืœื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉืžื›ื™ืœ ืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื, ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžืขื™ ื•ื”ืžืคืจืงื™ื, ื•ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืžืกืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ.

โ€Œโ€Œโ€Œโ€Œ2. ืžืขื ื™ืง ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ื•ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช

ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืžื›ื™ื ื™ื ืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœย ย ืกื™ื“ืŸ,ย ย ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื•ื’ืย ย ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื. ืืœื” ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืฉืœื“ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ื•ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืง ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช.

ืžืจืง ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืžื›ื™ืœ ื’ื ื’ื•ืคืจื™ืช ื•ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ืžื•ย ย ื›ื•ื ื“ืจื•ืื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืกื•ืœืคื˜,ย ย ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื–ืืžื™ืŸ ื•ื’ืย ย MSM, ืืฉืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืงืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืžืคืจืงื™ื.

3. ืชื•ืžืš ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ (ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชืžื™ื›ืชื• ื‘ืžืขื™)

ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื—ืœืง ื”ืืจื™ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืขื™. ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืฉืชื™ื™ืช ืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช โ€” ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจย ย ื‘ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ/ื’'ืœื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ื ื•ย ย ืคืจื•ืœื™ืŸ,ย ย ื’ืœื•ื˜ืžื™ืŸย ย ื•ืืจื’ื™ื ื™ืŸย ย โ€” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ.ย ย 

4. ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžืขื™

ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช, ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืคืคื˜ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ ื•ื’'ืœื˜ื™ืŸ, ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžืขื™, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ืจืงืžื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืืช ืจื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื’ืก ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื›ื•ืœื”.

ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชืžื™ื›ืชื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžืขื™/ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ, ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœย ย ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื•ย ย ื•ื›ืŸย ย ื’ืœื•ื˜ืชื™ื•ืŸ,ย ย ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืžื•ืš ื’ื ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืชืงื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื.

5. ืžืขื ื™ืง ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ ื•ื’'ืœื˜ื™ืŸ ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžืคืจืงื™ื

ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืœย ย ื’ื•ืจื ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื‘ืจืžืชื”ืงื•ืœื’ืŸย ย ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ, ื•ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžืคืจืงื™ื, ืจืงืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“, ื•ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื™-ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืคืจืงื™ื.ย ย 

ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ ื•ื’'ืœื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช, ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืงืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžืคืจืงื™ื ื•ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.

6. ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืจ ื•ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ

ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืจืงื ื•ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืจ. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืžื›ื™ืœ ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ื•ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื™ื.

ืื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช

ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžื‘ืงืจ, ืžืขื•ืฃ ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ื), ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฆื™ืจ ืชื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ื™ืช. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื‘ืื˜ืœื™ื–ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ ืื™ื›ืจื™ื. ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืžืจ ื•ื’ืย ย ืื‘ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช.

ื–ื›ืจื• ื›ื™ ืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™, ื”ืฆื™ืจ ืฉืขืฉื™ืจย ย ื‘ืงื•ืœื’ืŸย ย ื•ื‘ืื‘ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืื™ื ื• ื–ื”ื” ืœืฆื™ืจ ืžืฉื•ืžืจ ืื• ืœืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืจืง ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืœืชื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืžืจืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉืจ.

ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื”ืฆื™ืจ ืฉืจื›ืฉืชื ืื• ื”ื›ื ืชื. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ โ€” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืขื•ืฃ, ืžื‘ืงืจ ืื• ืžื“ื’ื™ื โ€” ืœื”ื›ื ืช ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžืœื•ื—ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

  • ืžืจืง ืขื•ืฃ ืงืœืืกื™
  • ืžืจืง ืื• ืงื“ื™ืจืช ื‘ืงืจ
  • ืžืจืง ื™ืจืงื•ืช
  • ืžืจืง ืขื“ืฉื™ื
  • ืžืจืง ืžื— ืขืฆื
  • ื›ืœ ืžืจืง ืื—ืจ ืฉืืชื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื

ืื ืืชื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื‘ืงืช ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืขื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื”ย ย ืžืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืื‘ืงืช ืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืขื ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืื• ื•ื ื™ืœ, ื ืกื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ื›ื ืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

  • ืฉื™ื™ืงื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ ืฉื™ื™ืง ืžื’ืจื’ืจื™ ื™ืขืจ ื•ื—ืœื‘ ืฉืงื“ื™ื
  • ื—ื‘ื™ืชื™ื•ืช
  • ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ืฉื•ืขืœ
  • ืžืืคื™ื ื™ื ื•ืœื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื

ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื, ืื• ืœืงืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืงื ื•ื™ ืื• ื‘ืื‘ืงืช ืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช, ืื ืืชื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืื• ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ื›ื ืช ืฆื™ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช. ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื ื•ื—ื•ืช, ืื‘ืงืช ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ืืžื™ืชื™, ืœืฆื“ ืชื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืื‘ืงื” ืฉืงืœ ืœืขืจื‘ื‘.

ืื™ืš ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช

ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ืช ืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื ืขืฆืžื•ืช, ืฉื•ืžืŸ, ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื“ืืœื™, ืจืฆื•ื™ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื’ื ื—ื•ืžืฆื”, ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื, ืฉืชืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื’ื ื‘ืฉืจ. ืื ืืชื ืžื›ื™ื ื™ื ืฆื™ืจ ืžื‘ืงืจ ืื• ืžื˜ืœื”, ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื”ืฉื—ื™ื ืืช ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ืื• ื”ืื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชื›ื ื™ืกื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืกื™ืจ.

ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืžืจืง ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืชื™, ืœื›ื• ืœืฉื•ืง ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืื• ืœืื˜ืœื™ื– ืžืงื•ืžื™, ืื• ื”ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœืืชืจ ืœืžืžื›ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื•ืจื›ืฉื• ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื–ื•ื ื• ืžื“ืฉื. ื‘ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™ ืจืฆื•ื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื–ื•ื ื• ื‘ืžืจืขื” ื•ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื. ื›ืš ืชืžื ืขื• ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื ืจืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฆื™ืจ ืฉืชื›ื™ื ื•.

ืœื”ื›ื ืช ืฆื™ืจ ืขื•ืฃ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืฉืœื“ ื•ื‘ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืžืขื•ืฃ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืœืชื. ืืžื ื ืœื ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืฆื™ืจ ื™ืจืงื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™ ื•ื™ืจืงื•ืช/ืขืฉื‘ื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืœ (ื›ืžื• ืฉื•ื, ื‘ืฆืœ, ืกืœืจื™, ื’ื–ืจ, ืคื˜ืจื•ื–ื™ืœื™ื” ื•ื›ื“') ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ืจ.

ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื ืช ืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืชื™:

  1. ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืœืกื™ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื• ืœืกื™ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืื™ื˜ื™, ื•ื›ืกื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื.
  2. ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ, ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืœืžื™ื ืฉืชื™ ื›ืคื•ืช ืฉืœย ย ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื. ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœืฆื™ืจ ืืช ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช.
  3. ืžืœืื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื ื ื™ื. ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ื‘ืกื™ืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืงื•ื ืœืจืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืžื™ื.
  4. ื—ืžืžื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ืจ ืœืื˜. ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ืœื” ืœืจืชื™ื—ื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื ืžื™ื›ื• ืืช ื”ืืฉ ื•ืชื ื• ืœืฆื™ืจ ืœื”ืชื‘ืฉืœ ืขืœ ืืฉ ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช. ื”ืกื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืงืฆืฃ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืคื™ืข.
  5. ื‘ืฉืœื• ืœืื˜ ื•ืขืœ ืืฉ ืงื˜ื ื”. ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืขื•ืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชื‘ืฉืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขื“ 24 ืฉืขื•ืช. ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื‘ืงืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชื‘ืฉืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขื“ 48 ืฉืขื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืื™ื˜ื™ ืขืœ ืืฉ ืงื˜ื ื” ื ื“ืจืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื•ืžื”ืจืงืžื” ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื” ืœืขืฆืžื•ืช.
  6. ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฆืœ, ืฉื•ื, ื’ื–ืจ ืื• ืกืœืจื™, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™.
  7. ืื—ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืฆื™ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืจื™ืจ, ืขื ืฉื›ื‘ืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืงืฉื” ืœืžืขืœื”. ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžื’ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื ืžืฆื ืžืชื—ืชื™ื”. ืกืœืงื• ืืช ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืจ.

ื›ืžื” ืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืฆืจื•ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื?ย ย 

ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืžืžืœื™ืฆื™ื ืœืฆืจื•ืš ื›-240 ืž"ืœ ืฉืœย ย ืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช, ืคืขื-ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื. ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื’ื ืื‘ืงืช ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืžืื›ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืจืงื™ื, ืฉื™ื™ืงื™ื ืื• ืžืืคื™ื, ืื• ืฆื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื ืงื™ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืœื’ื•ื ื›ืžืฉืงื”.

ืื ืชื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœืคืฆืœ ืืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืฉืชื™ ืžื ื•ืช, ื ืกื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžื ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื•ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ืขืจื‘, ืื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื—ื•ืช.

โ€‹ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ:โ€‹ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ,,, โ€‹ื”ืฆื’ ืขื•ื“