ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื ืชื ื• ืœื ื• ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื™, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœืื•ืชืŸ ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืžื™ ื˜ืขื ืฉืœ ืžืžืชืงื™ื. ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ื ื”ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื "ืœื”ืกื•ื•ืช" ืื•ืชื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžืžืชืงื™ื ื‘ื˜ืขื ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื—ื˜ื™ืฃ ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื. ืื•ืœื™ ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื™ ืขื ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื. ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื™ ืขื ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”. ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืงืฆืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžืฅ ื”ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื” ืœื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช.

ืžื”ื• ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื?

ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืฆืจืš ื‘ื™ืชื™ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื’ื ืœื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื•ื’ื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื–ื” ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื. ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ื•ืžืฅ ื”ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื, ืืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื›ื— ืฉื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืคื ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืื• ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช. ืื‘ืœ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื• ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช ืœื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•. 

ื”ื›ื ืช ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ื›ื ืช ืกื™ื™ื“ืจ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื. ืืช ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžื›ื™ื ื™ื ืžืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ืžืจื•ืกืงื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ื›ื ืช ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืชืกื™ืกื”. ืชืกื™ืกื” ื”ื™ื ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื›ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืื• ืฉืžืจื™ื. ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชืกื™ืกื” ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ืžื”ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืชืกื™ืกื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืขื ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื—ื•ืžืฆืช ื—ื•ืžืฅ. ื—ื•ืžืฆืช ื—ื•ืžืฅ ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืฅ, ื•ื”ื™ื ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืœื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืฅ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืฉืื•ืชื ืžื›ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืชืกื™ืกืช ื“ื’ื ื™ื, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ืžื›ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืชืกื™ืกืช ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื.

ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ื ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืžืกื•ื ืŸ ืื• ืœื ืžืกื•ื ืŸ:

  • ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืœื ืžืกื•ื ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช "ืื ื”ื—ื•ืžืฅ", ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืขื›ื•ืจ ื›ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง. ื”ืขื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืฅ ื”ืชืงืœืงืœ. "ืื ื”ื—ื•ืžืฅ" ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ, ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ืœืžืขื™. ืื ืืชื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืœื ืžืกื•ื ืŸ, ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื• ืœื ืขืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ.
  • ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืžืกื•ื ืŸ ืœื ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช "ืื ื”ื—ื•ืžืฅ", ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืคื•ืกื˜ืจ. 

ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืืคื™ื™ื”, ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ, ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ืขื•ืจ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ื–ื”ื• ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืจื‘-ืชื›ืœื™ืชื™ ื•ืžืฆืจืš ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ื— ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“. 

ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื

ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืฅ ื”ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื. ืœื”ืœืŸ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข. 

1. ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื“ื

ืจืžืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื“ื ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื– ื‘ื“ื ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืชื›ื•ืคื™ื ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืขืงื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื“ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืื• ื›ื™ ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืืจื•ื—ื” ืขืชื™ืจืช ืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืื˜ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ืœืžืขื™. ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืชืจื•ืงื ื•ืช ืงื™ื‘ื” ืื™ื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื ืข ื ืกื™ืงื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื“ื. ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ื’ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกืœืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื– ืžื–ืจื ื”ื“ื. ื”ื•ื“ื’ื ื›ื™ ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืืจื‘ืข ื›ืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืขื™ืœ. ื–ื›ืจื• ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ืžืœืฅ, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื• ืขื ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืฉืœื›ื.

2. ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ

ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื. ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืฉื•ื‘ืข ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืคื—ื•ืช. ื›ืš, ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉื ืžืฉืš 3 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื’ื™ืœื” ื›ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื˜ื ื™ ื•ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื›ืฉืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืื˜ื” ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืื•ืจื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ื™ืชืจื•ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ืื• ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืžืฉืงืœ ืชืงื™ืŸ. ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื• ืขื ืชื–ื•ื ืื™ ืžื•ืกืžืš ืื ืืชื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืžืฉืงืœ ืชืงื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš. 

3. ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื

ื–ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฅ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ืืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ื•ื’ื ื‘ื”ื›ื ืช ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื—ืžื•ืฆื™ื. ื—ื•ืžืฅ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื, ื’ื ืื ื”ื•ื ืื•ืœื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœ ืžืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื. ื ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื ืข ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžื•ื ืข ืงืœืงื•ืœ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœื•.

4. ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื›ื•ืœืกื˜ืจื•ืœ

ืžืกืคืจ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื ื›ื™ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืžืฅ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘. ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื“ื’ื ื›ื™ ื’ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืชืŸ. ื›ืš, ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืกื˜ืจื•ืœ ื•ื”ื˜ืจื™ื’ืœื™ืฆืจื™ื“ื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืœื‘. ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื—ื“-ืžืฉืžืขื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื—ื“-ืžืฉืžืขื™ื•ืช.

ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื

ื™ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืงื—ืช ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื: ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ืื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื›ืžื•ืกื•ืช, ื˜ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื™. ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื™ ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืฆื•ืจื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืกืคื™ ืชื–ื•ื ื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื™ ื”ืŸ ืื›ื™ืœื•ืช, ืžืชื•ืงื•ืช ื•ืœืขื™ืกื•ืช, ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื’ื“ืœื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืชื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื™: 

  • ืงืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื™. ืื ืืชื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืื• ืžืžื”ืจื™ื, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงื—ืช ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื™ ืขื ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ืืชื›ื ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช. ืงืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชืŸ, ื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื ื˜ื™ืœืชืŸ, ืื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœืงื—ืช ืืชื›ื ืžื™ื ื›ืฉืืชื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื“ืจืš.
  • ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื”ืขื“ืคื” ืœืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื™ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื˜ืขื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืœืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืกืคื™ ืชื–ื•ื ื”. ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื–ื” ื’ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ื ืœืจืฆื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ืชื•ืกืคื™ ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื›ื, ื•ื’ื ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื.
  • ื”ื ืื” ื™ื•ืžื™ืช ื›ืžื• ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืชื•ืกืฃ ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ืคื™ืช ื•ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ืกื˜ืœื’ื™ื™ื. ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ื›ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”. ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืืชื›ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ืชื•ืกืคื™ ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื›ื. 

ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืชื•ืกืคื™ ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ืฉืœื”ืŸ. ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืœืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื™ ืกื•ื›ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื”ืŸ ื˜ืขื ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ื™ืคื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืช. ืชื•ืกืคื™ ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืขื“ 2-8 ื’ืจืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืžื ื” ืื—ืช. ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ืจ ืžื•ึผืกืฃ ืžืฆืžืฆืžืช ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ืชื•ืกืฃ ืžื›ื™ืœ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื. ืื ืžื•ื•ืชืจื™ื ืขืœ ืกื•ื›ืจ, ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืžืžืชื™ืงื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืื• ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ื™ื, ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื. 

ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืŸ ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื˜ืขื™ืžื•ืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœืงื—ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื™. ื’ืœื• ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื ื” ื•ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื• ืœืงื—ืช ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš. ืื›ื™ืœืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื™, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืจืขืœืช ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื• ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื.

ืื ืืชื ื˜ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื ืื• ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืฉื’ืจืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื›ื ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื™, ืขื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื. ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื™ ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืขืžื™ืœืŸ ืชื™ืจืก, ืžื™ื, ืกื•ื›ืจ, ืฆื‘ืขื™ ืžืื›ืœ ื•ื’'ืœื˜ื™ืŸ. ื’'ืœื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ื˜ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ื•ืœื ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ ืœื˜ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื. ืื ืืชื ื˜ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื™ ืขื ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืœื˜ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืคืงื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื’'ืœื˜ื™ืŸ.

ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื

ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื—ืช ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืคื” ื›ืชื•ืกืฃ ืชื–ื•ื ื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื’ื ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื•ื‘ืืคื™ื™ื”. ืœื”ืœืŸ ื›ืžื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื’ืจืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื›ื.

  • ื”ื›ื™ื ื• ืชื›ืฉื™ืจ ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ืจื‘-ืชื›ืœื™ืชื™ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืก ืžื™ื ืขื ื—ืฆื™ ื›ื•ืก ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื.
  • ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื–ืžืŸ, ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืฆืžื— ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช? ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืขื–ืจื” ืขื ืžื™ื’ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืช. ืžื–ื’ื• ืœื›ื•ืก 1/4 ื›ื•ืก ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ื›ืžื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ื–ืœ ืœืฉื˜ื™ืคืช ื›ืœื™ื, ื•ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื™ืขืœืžื• ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ.
  • ื”ื›ื™ื ื• ื ื•ื–ืœ ืœืฉื˜ื™ืคืช ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืจืงื•ืช ืœื ื™ืงื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืจืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ืฉืืชื ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื. ืฉื˜ื™ืคื” ืขื ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื™. ืงื•ืœื™ ื•ืกืœืžื•ื ืœื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืจืงื•ืช.

ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื

ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœืฆืจื™ื›ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™. ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœื•, ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื–ื’ื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื. ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ ืื• ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืฉืœื›ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื™ื™ืชื›ื ื• ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ืœืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ ืื• ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช. ืื ืืชื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืื• ื”ืงืื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ืžื™ื“ ื•ืคื ื• ืœืจื•ืคื ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืฉืœื›ื. 

ืžืกืจ ืœืงื—ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”

ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœ ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืžืื•ื“, ื’ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžื˜ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืขื ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื“ื, ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื•ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื. ืื ืืชื ืฉื•ืงืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื, ืื ื ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื• ืขื ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืฉืœื›ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ. 

ืกื™ืžื•ื›ื™ืŸ:

  1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27979138/
  2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25168916/
  3. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14694010/
  4. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1271/bbb.90231
  5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5788933/
  6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16611381/
  7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12597475/
  8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16988647/
  9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4430692/