ื”ืขื“ืคืชื›ื ืขื•ื“ื›ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื–ื”. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืœืฆืžื™ืชื•ืช, ืขื‘ืจื• ืืœ
ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื›ื, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื• ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืคื•ืช ืขืœื™ื›ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ื‘
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ืžื”ื• ืงืื•ื•ื”?

ืงืื•ื•ื”ย ย (ืงืื•ื•ื” ืงืื•ื•ื”, ืื• ื‘ืฉืžื• ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ Piper methysticum) ื”ื•ื ืฆืžื— ืขื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ืงืกื™ื ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืื•ืงื™ืื ื™ื”. ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช, ืžื›ื™ื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ืงืื•ื•ื” ืžืฉืงื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ื ืงืจื™ื. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืงืื•ื•ื” ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืจื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช, ืœืœื ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืจืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื• ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžื™ื ื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืคืจื–ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื— ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืงืื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ. ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื‘ืฆืžื— ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืงื™ืื ื™ื” ื ืฉืืจ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื’ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•.

ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืื•ื•ื”

ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื ื’ื“ ื—ืจื“ื”

ืฆืžื— ื”ืงืื•ื•ื” ืžื›ื™ืœ ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืงืื•ื•ื”-ืœืงื˜ื•ึนื ื™ื. ืืžื ื ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื, ืื‘ืœ ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืฆืžื— ื”ืงืื•ื•ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืชื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ื”ืžืจื’ื™ืขื”.

ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ืžืจื’ื™ืขื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ื‘ื”ืย ย ื•ืœืจื™ืืŸ,ย ย ืคืกื™ืคืœื•ืจื”,ย ย ืœื‘ื ื“ืจ ื•ื’ืย ย ืžืœื™ืกื”, ืงืื•ื•ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืœื™ืš ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืžืขื›ื‘ย ย GABAย ย (ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ื’ืืžื-ืืžื™ื ื•-ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืจื™ืช). GABA ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืœื™ืš ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืžืขื›ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ืžืื˜ ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—. ืืžื ื ืงืื•ื•ื”-ืœืงื˜ื•ึนื ื™ื ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืงื•ืœื˜ื™ GABA ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื—ืœืฉ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืืš ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืขืœ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ืงืื•ื•ื”-ืœืงื˜ื•ึนื ื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช GABA ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืœืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ GABA.

ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ืžืจื’ื™ืขื™ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœืงืื•ื•ื” ื’ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืจื‘ืช-ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืขืœ ืชืขืœื•ืช ื ืชืจืŸ ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื— (VGSC). ืชืขืœื•ืช ื ืชืจืŸ ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื— ื”ืŸ ืชืขืœื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื•ืžื™ ื”ืชืื™ื ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘. ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืชืขืœื•ืช ื”ื ืชืจืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืื•ืชื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘, ืžื” ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืขืฆื‘ื™. ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืงืื•ื•ื”-ืœืงื˜ื•ึนื ื™ื ื—ื•ืกืžื™ื ืืช ืชืขืœื•ืช ื”ื ืชืจืŸ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื. ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื–ื•, ืœืฆื“ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ GABA, ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืชื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืงืื•ื•ื” ื ื’ื“ ื—ืจื“ื”.

ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื ื•ื’ื“ืช ื“ืœืงืช ื•ื“ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ื“ื

ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-1960 ื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื• ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืฆืžื— ื–ื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื ื•ื’ื“ืช ื“ืœืงืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช. ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืื• ื›ื™ ืฆืžื— ื”ืงืื•ื•ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ื“ืœืงืช ืœืื—ืจ ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœืงืจื™ื ืช ืขืœ-ืกื’ื•ืœ.

ื’ื•ืจื ื ืžืง ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ-ืืœืคื (TNF-ืืœืคื) ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ืื™ืชื•ืช ื“ืœืงืชื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”. ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•-ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ TNF-ืืœืคื. ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืงืื•ื•ื”-ืœืงื˜ื•ึนื ื™ื ืฉืื•ืชื ืžื›ื™ืœ ืฆืžื— ื”ืงืื•ื•ื” ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ื ืืช TNF-ืืœืคื. ืื ื“ื•ื˜ื•ืงืกื™ื ื™ื ื”ืŸ ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื•ื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื’ืจืื-ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื. ื”ื ืžืฉืจื™ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื“ืœืงืชื™ืช ื—ื–ืงื”. ืฆืžื— ื”ืงืื•ื•ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ืฉืœ ืื ื“ื•ื˜ื•ืงืกื™ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื“ืœืงืชื™ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช.

ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื ื•ื’ื“ืช ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ื–ื• ื’ื ืชื•ืจืžืช ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืงืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื“ืœืงืชื™ืช. ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื–ื• ื ื•ืฆืจืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ื“ืœืงืช ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื™ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืืจื›ื™ื“ื•ื ื™ืช, ื—ื•ืžืฆืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ื“ืœืงืช.

ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืœื”ืฉืจืืช ืฉื™ื ื”

ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื—ืจื“ื” ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ื’ื ืœื ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื”, ื•ืœื”ื™ืคืš. ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ, ื›ืžื•ย ย ืžืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืชืื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืื‘ืœ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื—ืคื™ืคื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื—ืจื“ื” ื•ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื”. ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืจื•ืฉืžื™ื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืจืืช ืฉื™ื ื” ื’ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื—ืจื“ื”.

ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื–ืืช, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืคืชื™ืข ื›ื™ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืงืื•ื•ื” ืชื•ืขืœืช ื’ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื”. ืžื—ืงืจ ืคื™ื™ืœื•ื˜ ืฉื‘ื“ืง ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืงืื•ื•ื” ื•ื•ืœืจื™ืืŸ ืขืœ ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื” ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืกื˜ืจืก ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื›ื™ ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื”. ื”ืŸ ืงืื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ืŸย ย ื•ืœืจื™ืืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื’ื ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืกื˜ืจืก ื•ื’ื ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื”.

ื ืขืจืš ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื›ืคื•ืœ-ืกืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ื•ืงืจ ืคืœืฆื‘ื• ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ืงืื•ื•ื” ื›ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื” ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื—ืจื“ื”. ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ื›ื™ ืงืื•ื•ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ื•ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช. ืžื—ืงืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœืงืื•ื•ื” ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืคืœืฆื‘ื• ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ืืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืคืœืฆื‘ื•. ื”ืŸ ืงืื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ืŸ ืคืœืฆื‘ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจืช ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื—ืงืจ.

ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื›ืจืื•ื™ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืงืื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื”. ืืš ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื›ื™ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ื™ืฉ ืœืงืื•ื•ื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ื—ืจื“ื”, ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื›ื™ ืฆืžื— ื”ืงืื•ื•ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ื”ืงืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืชืช-ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืขื ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื”.

ืื‘ืงืช ืงืื•ื•ื” ื•ืžืฉืงื” ืงืื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ

ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืงืื•ื•ื” ื ื’ื“ ื—ืจื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื

ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœย ย ืงืื•ื•ื”ย ย ื ื’ื“ ื—ืจื“ื” ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื“ื™ ืขืงื‘ื™ืช. ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆืžื— ื–ื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื—ืจื“ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื‘ื• ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื–ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-100 ืฉื ื”.

ืื—ื“ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืคื•ืœื™-ื”ืกืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขื ืงืื•ื•ื” ื ืขืจืš ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1991. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื—ื“. ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ืกื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ืœืœื ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1997 ื ืขืจืš ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืืฃ ืžืžื•ืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื ืžืฉืš 25 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืขื ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ื•ืช.

ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื›ืคื•ืœ-ืกืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ื•ืงืจ-ืคืœืฆื‘ื• ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื—ืŸ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ื ื–ื•ื“ื™ืื–ืคื™ื ื™ื, ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื—ืจื“ื”, ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื—ืœื•ืคื™ ื‘ืงืื•ื•ื”. ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืกื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขื ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืงืื•ื•ื”.

ืืžื ื ืžื—ืงืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืงืื•ื•ื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืคืจืขืช ื—ืจื“ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืœื ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ืงืจ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ืคืœืฆื‘ื• ื—ื–ืงื”. ืงืื•ื•ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืืฆืœ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืกื‘ืœื• ืžื—ืจื“ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืคืœืฆื‘ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ. ืžื—ืงืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื ืฉื™ื ืœืื—ื“ ื—ื™ื“ืœื•ืŸ ื•ืกืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืงืื•ื•ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื—ืœื” ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื”. ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื—.

ื’ื ืžื—ืงืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ืžื™ื ื•ื ื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ืงืื•ื•ื”-ืœืงื˜ื•ึนื ื™ื, ื”ืขืœื” ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืงืื•ื•ื” ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื—ืจื“ื” ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื˜ื™ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื ืขืจืš ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื ื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืื•ื•ื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื—ืจื“ื”. ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ื›ื™ ื’ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื ื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื—ืจื“ื” ื•ื’ื ื ืกื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.

ืืžื ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืกืงื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืื™ืฉืจื• ื›ื™ ื ืจืื” ืฉืฆืžื— ื”ืงืื•ื•ื” ืชื•ืจื ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ื—ืจื“ื”. ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืงืื•ื•ื” "ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื ื’ื“ ื—ืจื“ื” ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืจืขืจ ืขืœื™ื”". ืกืงื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ื™ ืืžื ื ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืฆืžื— ื”ืงืื•ื•ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื ื’ื“ ื—ืจื“ื”, ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืงืฆืจ-ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ื—ืจื“ื”, ื‘ืžืฉืš 4 ืขื“ 8 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.

ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืจืขื™ืœื•ืช

ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจืคื•ืื™ย ย ื‘ืงืื•ื•ื”ย ย ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืจืขื™ืœื•ืช. ืืžื ื ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื‘ืงืื•ื•ื” ืœื ื ืงืฉืจ ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“, ืื‘ืœ ื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื“, ืื™-ืกืคื™ืงืช ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ืืฃ ืžื•ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืžืฆื™ื•ืช ืงืื•ื•ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช. ืืžื ื ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžื“ืื™ื’ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืชื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืคืจื›ื•ืกื™ื ื•ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ ื“ืœืงืช ืฉืื™ื ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื.

ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืกืงืจ ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื” ืขืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008. ื ืจืฉืžื• 93 ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืง ื‘-8 ืžื”ื ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื ื’ืจืžื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืงืื•ื•ื”; ื‘-53 ืžืงืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื ื’ืจืžื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืงืื•ื•ื”, ืืš ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืกื•ืชืจื™ื.

ื‘ืกืงื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ืงืื•ื•ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื“. ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืงืื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืฆืžื— ื–ื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ.

ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื”ืชื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื’ืจืžื• ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื‘ืงืื•ื•ื”, ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื–ื ื™ ื”ืฆืžื— ืฉื‘ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื. ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื”ื›ื ื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงืื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืจื™ื™ืช ืฆืžื—ื™ ืงืื•ื•ื” "ืืฆื™ืœื™ื™ื" ื‘ืžื™ื ืงืจื™ื.

ืฆืžื—ื™ ืงืื•ื•ื” "ืืฆื™ืœื™ื™ื" ืœืขื•ืžืช "ืงืื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื"

ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื“ ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืงืื•ื•ื”. ื‘ื˜ืงืกื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ ืงืื•ื•ื” "ืืฆื™ืœื™ื™ื", ืืฉืจ ื’ื“ืœื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืงื˜ื™ืคืชื. ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืงืื•ื•ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืื•ื•ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื— ืฉื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืื™ ื•ื ื•ืื˜ื• โ€” ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ืงืื•ื•ื”.

ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ื’ื™ืœื• ื›ื™ "ืงืื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื" ืฆื•ืžื— ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžื›ื™ืœ ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืงืื•ื•ื”-ืœืงื˜ื•ึนื ื™ื. ื™ื™ืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื–ืŸ ืงืื•ื•ื” ื–ื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™, ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื• ื‘ื˜ืงืกื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœื ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชืงื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืฆืžื— ื–ื” ืœื”ื›ื ืช ืชืžืฆื™ื•ืช ืงืื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืืฆื˜ื•ืŸ. ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื“.

ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงืื•ื•ื” ื”ืจืื• ื›ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื•ื™ืขื™ืœ ื‘ืฆืžื— ื”ืงืื•ื•ื” ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืชืžืฆื™ื•ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ ืงืื•ื•ื” ืืฆื™ืœื™ื™ื. ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื 14,114 ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืชื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืงืื•ื•ื”, ืœืœื ื›ืœ ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื“ ืื• ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ื›ื™ ืงืื•ื•ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื•ื ืกื‘ืœืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ืžืฉื ื” ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืœืชืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืงืื•ื•ื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืœื—ืจื•ื’ ืžื”ืžื™ื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืžืœืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืงืื•ื•ื”.

ืžืกืจ ืœืงื—ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”

ืงืื•ื•ื”ย ย ื”ื•ื ืฆืžื— ืžืจืชืง ืขื ืžืกื•ืจืช ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—. ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืงืื•ื•ื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ื—ืจื“ื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืฆืžื— ืžืชืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืงืฆืจ ื˜ื•ื•ื—. ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืฆืžื— ื”ืงืื•ื•ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื• ื›ืจืื•ื™.

ืืžื ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื“, ืืš ืœืคื™ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื–ื ื™ "ืงืื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื", ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืชืžืฆื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืืฆื˜ื•ืŸ. ืื•ืชื ื–ื ื™ ื”ืฆืžื— ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืื•ืฉืจื• ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื ืื• ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื. ื›ืžื• ืขื ื›ืœ ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฆืžื—ื™, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืืช ืชื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืฆืžื— ืžื™ืฆืจื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื.

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โ€‹ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ:โ€‹ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ,,, โ€‹ื”ืฆื’ ืขื•ื“